Received:
2023-09-18 | Accepted:
2023-12-10 | Published:
2023-12-30
Title
The influence of education on the issue of hybrid threats
Abstract
The contribution is devoted to the issue of hybrid threats in connection with the level of education achieved. Hybrid threats represent coordinated activities by which different interest groups try to influence people in other areas. The research subjects are the respondents divided according to their levels of education. Data for the research were collected through the questionnaire method. The study was based on predetermined hypotheses, subsequently verified by statistical tests. The research was conducted with 157 respondents. The research results reveal that the level of education impacts the knowledge of the concept of hybrid threats. The verified hypothesis confirms this conclusion, the result of which is at the level of value p = 0.0482. The second hypothesis proves the danger of hybrid threats and their relationship with achieved education, calculated at the level of p=0.0334. The research also focused on the area related to information sharing and its subsequent verification. The hypothesis, aimed at verifying information from multiple sources, did not confirm the differences between university-educated respondents and respondents with secondary education. The verified hypothesis represented the value level of p = 0.039. To eliminate hybrid threats, effective and efficient measures would be used to prevent the spread of negative impacts on society. In this context, the hypothesis was established for examining the differences between educational attainment and protection methods against hybrid threats. The result of the verified hypothesis at the level of p = 0.04 confirms the differences between the level of education. It shows that people with higher education consider an effective educational process to protect against misinformation, compared to people with secondary education who favour repressive measures and various forms of control by the government.
Keywords
hybrid threats, education, disinformation, questionary survey, research
JEL classifications
H55
, O35
, Z13
URI
http://jssidoi.org/jesi/article/1156
DOI
Pages
516-528
Funding
The contribution was created within the national project “Increasing Slovakia’s resilience to hybrid threats by strengthening public administration capacities”, project code ITMS2014+:314011CDW7. This project is supported by the European Social Fund.
This is an open access issue and all published articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
References
Almaiah, M., Al-Khasawneh, A. & Thunibat, A. (2020). Exploring the critical challenges and factors influencing the E-learning system usage during COVID-19 pandemic. Education and Information Technologies, 25. . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-102
Search via ReFindit
Astafieva, M., Bodnenko, D., Lytvyn, O., Proshkin, V., & Skladannyi, P. (2023). Formation of High School Students' Resistance to Destructive Information Influences. CPITS 2023. 87-96. https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cpits/AstafievaBLPS23.html
Search via ReFindit
Balzer, R., Užík, M., & Glova, J. (2020). Managing growth opportunities in the digital era – an empiric perspective of value creation. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 21(2), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2020.21.2.07
Search via ReFindit
Bida, O., Prokhorchuk, O., Fedyaeva, V., Radul, O., Yakimenko, P., & Shevchenko, O. (2021). Covid-19 and Distance Education: Analysis of the Problems and Consequences of the Pandemic. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 21(12), 629-635. http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/202112/20211286.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Cabinova, V., Onuferova E., Gallo, P. Jr., Gallo, P., & Gallo, J. (2018). A comparative analysis of modern performance methods in economic practice. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 14(4), 085-096. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2018.14-4.6
Search via ReFindit
Council of Europe. (2017). Dealing with propaganda, misinformation, and fake news. https://www.coe.int/en/web/campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn/dealing-with-propaganda-misinformation-and-fake-news
Search via ReFindit
Daniel, J., & Eberle, J. (2021). Speaking of hybrid warfare: Multiple narratives and differing expertise in the 'hybrid warfare' debate in Czechia March 2021. Cooperation and Conflict, 56(4), 001083672110007. https://doi.org/10.1177/00108367211000799
Search via ReFindit
Dragićević Šešić, M., & Dragojević, S. (2005). Arts management in turbulent times. Adaptable Quality Management. Navigating the arts through the winds of change. Amsterdam. European Cultural Foundation. Boekmanstudies. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/arts-management-turbulent-times-adaptable-quality-management
Search via ReFindit
European Council. (2017). The June European Council focussed on security and defence, foreign affairs, climate change, economy, trade and migration. 22-23 June 2017, Brussels, 27 June 2018, (OR. en), EUCO 8/18, OJ/CO EUR. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/35913/provisional-agenda-euo-june18-en.pdf
Search via ReFindit
European External Action Service (EEAS). (2022). Countering hybrid threats. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/countering-hybrid-threats_en
Search via ReFindit
Filipec, O. (2019). Towards a disinformation resilient society? The experience of the Czech Republic. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies an Interdisciplinary Journal, 11(1), 1-26 https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v11.i1.6065
Search via ReFindit
Freedman, J., Gjørv, G.H., Razakamaharav, V. (2021) Identity, stability, Hybrid Threats and Disinformation. Revista, 19(1), 38-69. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v19i1.1618
Search via ReFindit
Genys, D. (2020). Laisvėjimo strategijos: lietuvių emigrantų racionalumas ir emocinės būsenos dinamika [Emancipation strategies: rationality of Lithuanian emigrants and dynamics of emotional state]. Oikos, 2(30), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.7220/2351-6561.30.1
Search via ReFindit
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The Relations among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340
Search via ReFindit
Inkábová, M., Andrejovská, A., Glova, J. (2021). The Impact of Environmental Taxes on Agriculture – the Case of Slovakia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(4), 3085-3097. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/130729
Search via ReFindit
Joshi, A-, Kale, S., Chandel, S. & Pal, D.K. 2015. Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396-403. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
Search via ReFindit
KONSPIRATORI.SK. (2022). Criteria for including a website in the database. https://konspiratori.sk/kriteria/en
Search via ReFindit
Korauš, A., Kaščáková, Z., & Felcan, M. (2020). The impact of ability-enhancing HRM practices on perceived individual performance in IT industry in Slovakia. Central European Journal of Labour Law and Personnel Management, 3(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.33382/cejllpm.2020.04.03
Search via ReFindit
Korauš, A., Kurilovská, L., & Šišulák, S. (2022). Increasing the competencies and awareness of public administration workers in the context of current hybrid threats. RELIK 2022. ISBN 978- 80-245-2466-5. Available from: https://relik.vse.cz/2022/download/pdf/651-Koraus-Antonin-paper.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Oakes, J.M. (2009). The Effect of Media on ChildrenA Methodological Assessment From a Social Epidemiologist. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(8), 1136-1151 https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209331538
Search via ReFindit
QUEST.COM. (2010). Download Statistica 12.6 Full Installation (English). https://support.quest.com/download-install-detail/5815079
Search via ReFindit
Ragnedda, M., Ruiu, L. M., & Addeo, F. (2022). The self-reinforcing effect of digital and social exclusion: the inequality loop. Telematics and Informatics, 72, 101852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101852
Search via ReFindit
RTVS + ČTK 19. 5. 2023. (2023). Pandémia skrátila životy obetí covidu o 22 rokov, tvrdí WHO. (in Slovak). https://spravy.rtvs.sk/2023/05/pandemia-skratila-zivoty-obeti-covidu-o-22-rokov-tvrdi-who/
Search via ReFindit
Sanz-Caballero, S. (2023). The concepts and laws applicable to hybrid threats, with a special focus on Europe. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-01864-y
Search via ReFindit
Sari A (2019) Legal resilience in an era of grey zone conflicts and hybrid threats. In: Exeter Centre for International Law Working Paper Series, 2019, no. 1, p. 6, accessible at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3315682
Search via ReFindit
Sari A (2020) Hybrid threats and the law. Concepts, trends and implications. In: Hybrid CoE Trend Report 3, Apr 2020, p. 8. ISSN 2670-1804
Search via ReFindit
Sarvaš, Š. (2021). Dezinformácie: cesta do pekiel nefunkčnej spoločnosti. DEZINFO.SK. https://infosecurity.sk/dezinfo/dezinformacie-cesta-do-pekiel-nefunkcnej-spolocnosti/
Search via ReFindit
Scanlon, Ch. (2005). Richard Florida's Cities and the Creative Class [Book Review]. Journal. Local-Global: Identity, Security, Community, 1, 134-139. ISSN: 1832-6919 https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.17600076752798
Search via ReFindit
Sharkov, G. (2020). Assessing the maturity of national cybersecurity and resilience. December 2020. Connections The Quarterly Journal 19(4), 5-24 https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.19.4.01
Search via ReFindit
Straková, J., Korauš, A., Váchal, J., Pollák, F., Černák, F., Talíř, M., & Kollmann, J. (2021). Sustainable Development Economics of Enterprises in the Services Sector Based on Effective Management of Value Streams. Sustainability, 13, 8978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168978
Search via ReFindit
Tvaronavičienė, M., Plėta, T., Della Casa, S., & Latvys, J. (2020). Cyber security management of critical energy infrastructure in national cybersecurity strategies: cases of USA, UK, France, Estonia and Lithuania. Insights into Regional Development, 2(4), 802-.813. http://doi.org/10.9770/IRD.2020.2.4(6)
Search via ReFindit
Volchik, V., Posukhova, O., & Strielkowski, W. (2021). Digitalization and Sustainable Higher Education: Constructive and Destructive Potential of Professional Dynasties. Transformations in Business & Economics, Vol. 20, No 3 (54), pp.21-43.
Search via ReFindit
RSS 1.0
