Received:
2023-02-15 | Accepted:
2023-05-06 | Published:
2023-06-30
Title
Legal conditions of EU energy security
Abstract
Despite the high level of technological and civilisational development of Western society, its prosperity and sustainability of development most directly depend on energy policy. Quite often, the field of energy security determines which countries are leading and decisive in the world economy and global competitiveness. The latest geopolitical events, namely the Russian military aggression on Ukraine's territory, showed that most European countries, including Russia itself, increasingly depend on individual energy resources. Such a situation creates serious challenges that must be promptly and effectively responded to. One of the most severe challenges is energy blackmail, which is purposefully implemented by the leadership of the Russian Federation to achieve its goals in Ukraine. The threat of destroying Ukraine's energy system is no less severe, and a humanitarian disaster may also follow in this European and Western-oriented country. Unable to defeat Ukraine on the battlefield, the Russian Federation is trying to force the Ukrainian leadership to agree to an actual capitulation by methodically destroying its energy sector. This shows that the European Union must be able to respond to the problems of its energy sector and provide support to its allies to guarantee energy security. In addition, this type of response must comply with international and national law.
Keywords
distribution of energy resources, energy security, legal mechanisms
JEL classifications
K14
, K20
, K22
URI
http://jssidoi.org/jesi/article/1078
DOI
Pages
39-47
Funding
This research was funded by Daugavpils University, Latvia
This is an open access issue and all published articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
References
A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LV/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0080&from=EN
Search via ReFindit
Aune, F. R., Golombek, R., Moe, A., Rosendahl, K. E., Le Tissier, H. H. (2017). The future of Russian gas exports. Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy, 6(2), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.6.2.faun
Search via ReFindit
Batzella, F. (2022). Engaged but constrained. Assessing EU actorness in the case of Nord Stream 2. Journal of European Integration, 44(6), 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2043853
Search via ReFindit
Buzek, J. (2016). Measures to safeguard the security of gas supply. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/mt/measures-to-safeguard-the-security-of-ga/product-details/20160928CDT00901
Search via ReFindit
Clean energy for all Europeans package (COM(2016) 860 final). Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0860&from=EN
Search via ReFindit
Clinch, M. (2022). How Russia invaded Ukraine in 2014. And how the markets tanked. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/27/how-russia-invaded-ukraine-in-2014-and-how-the-markets-tanked.html
Search via ReFindit
Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1553779410177&uri=CELEX:52013JC0001
Search via ReFindit
Day-ahead prices. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.nordpoolgroup.com/Market-data1/Dayahead/Area-Prices/LV/Hourly/?view=table
Search via ReFindit
Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.194.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:194:TOC
Search via ReFindit
Directive (EU) 2018/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.328.01.0210.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2018:328:TOC
Search via ReFindit
Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.158.01.0125.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2019:158:TOC
Search via ReFindit
Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/73/oj/?locale=LV
Search via ReFindit
Energy production and imports. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_production_and_imports
Search via ReFindit
EU Security Union Strategy COM/2020/605 final. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1596452256370&uri=CELEX:52020DC0605
Search via ReFindit
Euratom Treaty. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/euratom-treaty
Search via ReFindit
European Parliament resolution of 23 November 2022 on recognising the Russian Federation as a state sponsor of terrorism (2022/2896(RSP)). Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0405_LV.html
Search via ReFindit
Fetisov, V., Tcvetkov, P., Müller, J. (2021). Tariff approach to regulation of the European gas transportation system: Case of Nord Stream. Energy Reports, 7, 413-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.023
Search via ReFindit
Gas crises between Russia and Ukraine. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-ukraine-gas-timeline-sb-idUSTRE50A1A720090111
Search via ReFindit
General Assembly resolution demands end to Russian offensive in Ukraine. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113152
Search via ReFindit
Germany halts Nord Stream 2: How big of a deal is it? Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://www.dw.com/en/germany-halts-nord-stream-2-how-big-of-a-deal-is-it/av-60889144
Search via ReFindit
History of the European Union 1945-59. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/history-eu/1945-59_en
Search via ReFindit
Karnau, A. (2022). Estonia could get a nuclear power plant. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://news.postimees.ee/7433537/estonia-could-get-a-nuclear-power-plant
Search via ReFindit
Natural Gas Rate. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/commoditysummary/symbol-NATURALGAS.cms
Search via ReFindit
Pabriks: Latvijai kopā ar Igauniju jābūvē atomelektrostacija. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://www.diena.lv/raksts/viedokli/latvija/pabriks-latvijai-kopa-ar-igauniju-jabuve-atomelektrostacija-14276857
Search via ReFindit
Papakonstantinou, V. (2022). Cybersecurity as praxis and as a state: The EU law path towards acknowledgement of a new right to cybersecurity? Computer Law and Security Review, 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105653
Search via ReFindit
Petzina, D., Stolper, W. F., Hudson, M. (1981). The Origin of the European Coal and Steel Community: Economic Forces and Political Interests. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 137(3), 450-68. . http://www.jstor.org/stable/40750370
Search via ReFindit
Regulation (EU) 2017/1938 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2017 concerning measures to safeguard the security of gas supply and repealing Regulation (EU) No 994/2010. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32017R1938&from=lv
Search via ReFindit
Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and oh the Council of 11 December 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?toc=OJ:L:2018:328:TOC&uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.328.01.0001.01.ENG
Search via ReFindit
Regulation (EU) 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and on information and communications technology cybersecurity certification and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 (Cybersecurity Act). Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.151.01.0015.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2019:151:TOC
Search via ReFindit
Regulation (EU) 2019/941 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.158.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2019:158:TOC
Search via ReFindit
Regulation (EU) 2019/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.158.01.0054.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2019:158:TOC
Search via ReFindit
Resilience, Deterrence and Defence: Building strong cybersecurity for the EU 2017/0450 final. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from . https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1505294563214&uri=JOIN:2017:450:FIN
Search via ReFindit
Sauhats, A., Broka, Z., Baltputnis, K. (2021). Energy transition of the Baltic States: Problems and solutions. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences, 58(3), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0013
Search via ReFindit
Statement by President von der Leyen on the fourth package of restrictive measures against Russia. Retrieved March 6, 2023 from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_1724
Search via ReFindit
Tvaronavičienė, M. (2023). Towards Renewable Energy: Opportunities and Challenges. Energies. 16(5), 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052269
Search via ReFindit
Vempere, L., Jasevics, A., Zemite, L., Vempers, G. (2021). Methodology for Investment Evaluation in Electricity Generation Modules according to the Requirements of the European Union. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58(3): 15-31. https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0014
Search via ReFindit
Vilks, A., Kipane, A. (2022). Legal Framework for Environmental Protection in the Context of Sustainable Development. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(4), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n4p169
Search via ReFindit
Wallis, T., Paul, G., Irvine, J. (2022). Organisational Contexts of Energy Cybersecurity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 13106, 384-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95484-0_22
Search via ReFindit